Pararellism

PARALLELISM

Parallelism is the balance between two or more similar words, phrases or clauses in grammar. Parallelism is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. Parallelism examples are found in literary works as well as in ordinary conversations.

This method adds balance and rhythm to sentences giving ideas a smoother flow and thus can be persuasive because of the repetition it employs. For example, “Alice ran into the room, into the garden, and into our hearts.” We see the repetition of a phrase that not only gives the sentence a balance but rhythm and flow as well. This repetition can also occur in similar structured clauses e.g. “Whenever you need me, wherever you need me, I will be there for you.”

Common Examples:

• Like father, like son.
• The escaped prisoner was wanted dead or alive.
• Easy come, easy go.
• Whether in class, at work or at home, Shasta was always busy.
• Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe.

Examples:

• Nancy likes playing the piano, the trumpet and play the guitar. (False)
  Nancy likes the piano, the trumpet and the guitar. (True)
  Nancy likes playing the piano, the trumpet and the guitar. (True)
• She played basketball, had a shower and gone to school. (False)
  She played basketball, had a shower and went to school. (True)
• You can apply to the job by filling this form or apply by telephone. (False)
  You can apply to the job by filling this form or you can apply by telephone. (True)

Rules of parallelism:

1. Parallelism is used to balance nouns with nouns, prepositional phrases with prepositional phrases, participles with participles, infinitives with infinitives, clauses with clauses.
2. Parallelism is used with elements joined by coordinating conjunctions.
   My mother likes cooking and to read. (False)
   My mother likes cooking and reading  (True)
3. Parallelism is used with elements in lists or in a series.
   This task can be done individually, in pairs, or can be done in groups of four.  (False)
   This task can be done individually, in pairs, or in groups of four. (True)
4. Parallelism is used with elements being compared.
   She is mad about watching TV more than to read a book . (False)
   She is mad about watching TV more than reading a book.  (True)
5. Parallelism is used with elements joined by a linking verb or a form of be
   To learn is understanding the world.  (False)
   To learn is to understand the world.  (True)
6. Parallelism is used with elements joined by linking words.
   The teacher not only wants his students to keep quiet but also to do the task . (False)
   The teacher wants his students not only to keep quiet but also to do the task . (True)

Argumentation Paragraph

GLOBAL ECONOMY

Globalization is a term, often used as a name for a wide range of different processes and phenomenon in the cultural, social, economic and political life of civilization. That is the reason why it’s very difficult to explain the essence of this term for it very much relay on the context. For example, “Globalization is an overused word, which can have very different meanings, we will consider that this term means the globalization of financial markets and the growing dominant influence of the global financial markets and transnational companies on the national economics. In this sense we should distinguish globalization from the free market economy, which doesn’t have such great consequences for particular countries” (J. Soros). This definition concerns only economical side of the problem and in fact it says only that globalization is globalization.

Before giving the definition of this term, let’s name some of its components of the sense, which don’t depend on the context in which the term is used. First, globalization is a process. Second, this process concerns only the activity of human and the society. Third, as it is obvious from the word “global”, it is an all-embracing process. Forth, the specific aspect of this process is the growth of the number of contacts between people, the products, elements and consequences of their activity. So, Globalization can be defined as the ongoing global trend toward the free flow of goods and services and the creation of a world economy. Through global trade and cooperation, Globalization aim to benefit everyone who partakes in it. While it provides a great number of benefits to society, they are provided at the expense of others. Since it is argued for the greater good, it has become one of the most heated topics in international business

While it seems that globalization has many positive attributes, those who oppose it have a strong argument as well. Globalization makes the wide gap between the rich and the poor. While it does indeed create wealth, the people who reap that wealth are already wealthy. A United Nations Report by Joe Lauria states, “the richest 200 people in the world more than doubled their net worth in the four years to 1998 to $1 trillion, which is more than the gross national products respectively of Canada, Belgium, Spain, South Korea, Brazil or Russia.” When companies invest in foreign nations, the money that they earn is invested back into the firm’s home country. The only use of the foreign country is for cheap labor. In addition, despite of the increased economic prosperity that the firm creates, the foreign nation becomes dependent upon the company for employment, revenue, and technological improvements. Without the firm, the country can no longer be self-sufficient. However, globalization attracts firms to invest in lower developed countries where labor is cheaper. As they make these investments, a few benefits rise in that host country. First, the economy is lifted due to the sudden rise in the workforce. All the employees hired would be residents of that host country. Next, the government can collect taxes on everything produced and exported from the host country. For major apparel and car manufacturers, this figure can be rather substantial. Finally, the technological and managerial know how used to run the corporation is brought to the host country, providing knowledge and insight for many other domestic businesses.

Since companies seem to seek out the cheapest labor on the globe, foreign governments have decreased their human rights standards in order to attract investment. Some of these decreased standards include no child labor restrictions, no minimum wage laws, and unsanitary working environments. Furthermore, foreign governments also recede any environmental standards to make themselves more marketable towards large firms. As a result, companies do in fact have lower costs, yet, they result from the exploiting of both people and the environment. In addition to the effect that globalization has on foreign countries, the effect that it has on the home country is also substantial. When a firm decides to manufacture its products in a nation with cheaper labor costs, all of the people employed in the home country lose their jobs. This has a tremendous effect on the economy, especially when the firms employ tens of thousands of people. However a global economy brings lowered transportation costs and reduced tariffs. Under the theory of globalization, all barriers to trade will be lowered, allowing foreign products to compete directly with domestic products. Consumers benefit when the cost to import a product is lowered since foreign goods are in turn more affordable. The producers of these goods also benefit from the larger consumer market.

Since the first time that two countries traded with each other, globalization was born. Now, it is on an ever-growing path towards a free world market and a global economy. Despite the practical and inescapable benefits that globalization has brought, it has also provided a way for the rich to get richer, at the expense of the poor. It would be unreasonable to think that globalization could be stopped. Yet, it is obvious that the entire process needs to be reformed, globalization should try to benefit everyone more equally.

By: 

Azmi Ulil Aufa

1271231

English Department 2012-B

Compound-Complex Sentence

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES

A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Examples:

1. Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.

• independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"
• independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"
• dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

2. We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

• independent clause: "We decided that the movie was too violent"
• independent clause: "(but) our children thought that we were wrong"
• dependent clause: who like to watch scary movies

Persuasive Essay

WHY YOU SHOULD NOT SMOKE

I am sure that you know that smoking harms your body. Then why do you continue smoking? Maybe you do it because you haven’t really become conscious about all the effects that smoking has. There are a lot of reasons why you shouldn’t smoke. Some of them are that smoking affects your health, that you spend a lot of money on cigarettes, and that when you smoke you are not respecting people around you.

The first reason why you shouldn’t smoke is that smoking affects your health. If you smoke, your physical condition will be negatively affected, so it will be very difficult for you to succeed in sports. Also, smoking produces lethal diseases like cancer and reduces the length and quality of your life. Maybe you don’t notice all the physical effects of smoking immediately, but you surely will be sorry one day.

The second reason why you shouldn’t smoke is because of all the money that you spend on it. Maybe you start smoking only when someone offers you a cigarette, but there will be a day when you will feel the need of a cigarette. By this time, you will pay whatever to smoke, and each time you will smoke more, so you will spend more money. All the money you would spend on cigars could have be spent in something better, don’t you think?

The last reason why you shouldn’t smoke is out of respect for the people around you. When you smoke, you not only harm yourself, but you also harm all the people around you. So you mustn’t be selfish; you should at least avoid smoking in front of people who don’t smoke. Also, many people don’t like the cigarette’s smell, so they won’t enjoy your company. Would you like that?

I have said just some reasons of why you shouldn’t smoke, so I hope that now those of you who smoke are able to think a little and try to make a smart decision. In addition to all the reasons I’ve said, I would like you to think about how much you love yourself and then whether you want to continue harming yourself. Think also about all the people who love you, like your family who doesn’t want to see you suffering or sick. If you decide to continue smoking, what a pity. But if you decide to stop smoking, congratulations! Remember that "If you can dream it, you can do it."

Complex Sentence

COMPLEX SENTENCES

A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses connected to it. A dependent clause is similar to an independent clause, or complete sentence, but it lacks one of the elements that would make it a complete sentence. Examples of dependent clauses include the following:

• because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon
• while he waited at the train station
• after they left on the bus

Dependent clauses such as those above cannot stand alone as a sentence, but they can be added to an independent clause to form a complex sentence. Dependent clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. Below are some of the most common subordinating conjunctions:

• after
• although
• as
• because
• before
• even though
• if
• since
• though
• unless
• until
• when
• whenever
• whereas
• wherever
• while

A complex sentence joins an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses.

The dependent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the independent clause, as in the following:

1. Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see them at the station.
2. While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late.
3. After they left on the bus, Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station.

Tip: When the dependent clause comes first, a comma should be used to separate the two clauses.

Conversely, the independent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the dependent clause, as in the following:

1. I did not see them at the station because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon.
2. Joe realized that the train was late while he waited at the train station.
3. Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train station after they left on the bus.

Tip: When the independent clause comes first, a comma should not be used to separate the two clauses.